Tackling Ultra-Poverty Through the Graduation Approach: Situating Sustainable Livelihoods in the Landscape of Social Protection and Safety Nets

BRAC was founded in Bangladesh in 1972 and now works in nine other countries with very impoverished populations: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Myanmar, Philippines, Uganda, Tanzania, South Sudan, Sierra Leone and Liberia. From its years of experience designing and implementing microfinance and other programs, BRAC gained the insight that a unique set of interventions is required to bring out of extreme poverty those who they, and now others, call the "ultra-poor": people living on half or less of a US $1.25-a-day poverty threshold. BRAC pioneered the approach in 2002 by combining social safety nets with support for income-generating, and named it the Graduation approach, or Targeting the Ultra Poor (TUP) program. Graduation programs complement small cash stipends and in-kind asset transfers with several other sequenced interventions including savings, training, social integration and health care services. Over the last decade the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), the Ford Foundation, and other donors have supported ten pilots across different continents which have been carefully analyzed, and in which over 75% of participants have met Graduation requirements. This paper summarizes the landscape and institutional context within which the Targeting the Ultra-poor program sits, in order to help BRAC and other organizations to expand its scale and encourage others to support and adopt this approach, thereby helping an additional one million families graduate from ultra-poverty by 2020

Scaling Solutions Toward Shifting Systems

This report marks the findings and recommendations RPA have so far in the process of encouraging funders to work in more collaborative ways to place longer-term, adaptive, and responsive resources with grantees and investees to accelerate scalable solutions that target systemic changes addressing pressing global problems. The input of dozens of funders, in addition to the perspectives of the organizations who receive grants and impact investments, was crucial in formulating the recommendations contained here

Philanthropy as an Emerging Contributor to Development Cooperation

The world is at a pivotal moment for global development cooperation. While many stakeholders are brought increasingly into international development processes, philanthropy stands apart, despite the scale, ambition and potential of philanthropy's contributions to international development.A range of issues and recommendations are raised in this report, commissioned by the United Nations Development Program. Philanthropy's contributions to international development should be better measured, and there is a need for a stronger emphasis on better data overall in terms of both measuring progress, and enabling a better understanding of the range of potential grantees working on development themes.This report was commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme as a background paper for the conference International Development Cooperation: Trends and Emerging Opportunities -- Perspectives of the New Actors in Istanbul, June 2014.Disclaimer: The views presented here are the contributors' and do not necessarily reflect the views and position of the United Nations Development Programme.HighlightsIn 2011 alone, at least 300 US foundations contributed over $770 million towards MDG Goal 1 of eradicating extreme poverty and hungerRemittances sent home by migrants to developing countries are equivalent to more than three times the size of official development assistance.In 2013, India was the top destination country for officially recorded remittances ($70 billion), with the next three highest being China ($60 billion).90,000 foundations are registered in the US, with the top 1,122 foundations accounting for nearly half of all foundation giving.Were the middle classes to donate an average of 1$550 billion to civil society per year

Computing with functions in spherical and polar geometries I. The sphere

A collection of algorithms is described for numerically computing with smooth functions defined on the unit sphere. Functions are approximated to essentially machine precision by using a structure-preserving iterative variant of Gaussian elimination together with the double Fourier sphere method. We show that this procedure allows for stable differentiation, reduces the oversampling of functions near the poles, and converges for certain analytic functions. Operations such as function evaluation, differentiation, and integration are particularly efficient and can be computed by essentially one-dimensional algorithms. A highlight is an optimal complexity direct solver for Poisson's equation on the sphere using a spectral method. Without parallelization, we solve Poisson's equation with $100$ million degrees of freedom in one minute on a standard laptop. Numerical results are presented throughout. In a companion paper (part II) we extend the ideas presented here to computing with functions on the disk.Comment: 23 page

The Theory of the Foundation European Initiative

The purpose of the Theory of the Foundation European Initiative was to contribute key insights into European foundations; and to look beyond the direct charitable activities or grant-making of European foundations and instead to explore and understand how foundations operate as organisations in their pursuit of mission and social impact. This we term a "whole foundation approach".Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors (RPA) established a framework to stimulate discussion around the organisational form of philanthropy called "The Theory of the Foundation."1 Inspired by Peter Drucker's "Theory of the Business,"2 RPA's approach to framing philanthropic practice is detailed in Figure 1 and contains three core domains: Charter, Social Compact, and Operating Capabilities

Expression of somatostatin receptors 3, 4, and 5 in mouse kidney proximal tubules

Expression of somatostatin receptors 3, 4, and 5 in mouse kidney proximal tubules.BackgroundSystemic infusion of somatostatin (SRIF) induces many physiological changes in human and rodent kidneys, including alterations in glomerular filtration, solute transport, and water clearance. Although somatostatin can bind to five different G-protein coupled receptors (SSTRs), only SSTR1 and SSTR2A proteins have been described convincingly in rat and/or human kidneys. Both are expressed primarily in collecting ducts, despite clear evidence that somatostatin also can bind to proximal tubules. Our aim was to characterize the expression of somatostatin receptors three to five in adult mouse kidneys.MethodsReverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed followed by Southern blotting on mouse kidney RNA for SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5. Immunohistochemistry and dual-labeling immunofluorescence also were performed to localize the receptors in the kidney.ResultsMessenger RNA was detected for somatostatin receptors 3 to 5 in the mouse kidney by RT-PCR, with confirmation by Southern blotting. By immunohistochemistry and dual-labeling immunofluorescence, the proteins for all three receptors were abundantly expressed, but exclusively localized to the proximal tubules. SSTR3 was present in intracellular granules, while SSTR4 and SSTR5 were expressed on the lumenal membranes of the tubules.ConclusionsExpression of SSTR3, SSTR4, and SSTR5 in mouse proximal tubules complements the expression of SSTR1 and SSTR2 in collecting ducts as seen in other species. Taken together, the kidney is one of few organs expressing all five somatostatin receptors outside of the nervous system and pancreas

The Life Cycle Stages of \u3cem\u3ePneumocystis murina\u3c/em\u3e Have Opposing Effects on the Immune Response to This Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen

The cell wall β-glucans of Pneumocystis cysts have been shown to stimulate immune responses in lung epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and alveolar macrophages. Little is known about how the trophic life forms, which do not have a fungal cell wall, interact with these innate immune cells. Here we report differences in the responses of both neonatal and adult mice to the trophic and cystic life cycle stages of Pneumocystis murina. The adult and neonatal immune responses to infection with Pneumocystis murina trophic forms were less robust than the responses to infection with a physiologically normal mixture of cysts and trophic forms. Cysts promoted the recruitment of nonresident innate immune cells and T and B cells into the lungs. Cysts, but not trophic forms, stimulated increased concentrations of the cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the alveolar spaces and an increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ. In vitro, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) stimulated with cysts produced the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. In contrast, trophic forms suppressed antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells, as well as the β-glucan-, lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by BMDCs. The negative effects of trophic forms were not due to ligation of mannose receptor. Our results indicate that optimal innate and adaptive immune responses to Pneumocystis species are dependent on stimulation with the cyst life cycle stage. Conversely, trophic forms suppress β-glucan-induced proinflammatory responses in vitro, suggesting that the trophic forms dampen cyst-induced inflammation in vivo

Role of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in the ureteric bud

AbstractFibroblast growth receptors (FGFRs) consist of four signaling family members. Mice with deletions of fgfr1 or fgfr2 are embryonic lethal prior to the onset of kidney development. To determine roles of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in the ureteric bud, we used a conditional targeting approach. First, we generated transgenic mice using the Hoxb7 promoter to drive cre recombinase and green fluorescent protein expression throughout ureteric bud tissue. We crossed Hoxb7creEGFP mice with mice carrying lox-p sites flanking critical regions of fgfr1 and/or fgfr2. Absence of fgfr1 from the ureteric bud (fgfr1UB−/−) results in no apparent renal abnormalities. In contrast, fgfr2UB−/− mice have very aberrant ureteric bud branching, thin ureteric bud stalks, and fewer ureteric bud tips. Fgfr2UB−/− ureteric bud tips also demonstrate inappropriate regions of apoptosis and reduced proliferation. The nephrogenic mesenchymal lineage in fgfr2UB−/− mice develops normal-appearing glomeruli and tubules, and only slightly fewer nephrons than controls. In contrast, fgfr2UB−/− kidneys have abnormally thickened subcapsular cortical stromal mesenchyme. Ultimately, fgfr2UB−/− adult kidneys are small and abnormally shaped or are hydronephrotic. Finally, there are no additional abnormalities in the fgfr1/2UB−/− kidneys versus the fgfr2UB−/− kidneys. In conclusion, FGFR2, but not FGFR1, appears crucial for ureteric bud branching morphogenesis and stromal mesenchyme patterning

Impact of a hospice rapid response service on preferred place of death, and costs

Background: Many people with a terminal illness would prefer to die at home. A new palliative rapid response service (RRS) provided by a large hospice provider in South East England was evaluated (2010) to provide evidence of impact on achieving preferred place of death and costs. The RRS was delivered by a team of trained health care assistants and available 24/7. The purpose of this study was to (i) compare the characteristics of RRS users and non-users, (ii) explore differences in the proportions of users and non-users dying in the place of their choice, (iii) monitor the whole system service utilisation of users and non-users, and compare costs. Methods: All hospice patients who died with a preferred place of death recorded during an 18 month period were included. Data (demographic, preferences for place of death) were obtained from hospice records. Dying in preferred place was modelled using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Service use data (period between referral to hospice and death) were obtained from general practitioners, community providers, hospitals, social services, hospice, and costs calculated using validated national tariffs. Results: Of 688 patients referred to the hospice when the RRS was operational, 247 (35.9 %) used it. Higher proportions of RRS users than non-users lived in their own homes with a co-resident carer (40.3 % vs. 23.7 %); more non-users lived alone or in residential care (58.8 % vs. 76.3 %). Chances of dying in the preferred place were enhanced 2.1 times by being a RRS user, compared to a non-user, and 1.5 times by having a co-resident carer, compared to living at home alone or in a care home. Total service costs did not differ between users and non-users, except when referred to hospice very close to death (users had higher costs). Conclusions: Use of the RRS was associated with increased likelihood of dying in the preferred place. The RRS is cost neutral